Calvino and Spain between the fifties and sixties

The purpose of this article is to document the links between Italo Calvino and Spanish culture, as well as Latin American culture, during a particular post-war period. The main focus of the article is on the period from the 1950s to the 1960s, from his initial contact with publishing houses tohis first journey through Spanish territory. In the Spring of 1959, he went to Spain to participate on behalf of Giulio Einaudi in the Formentor International Colloquium; a meeting that saw the establishment of the Prix Formentor (the Formentor Literature Prize) and the Prix International (the International Prize). From the 1960s onwards, representatives of the Barcelona School, such as Barral, José Agustín Goytisolo and Castellet, would prove significant in establishing the most dynamic relations, both personal and editorial/professional, with Calvino and Giulio Einaudi. Thanks to the constant exchange between Barral and Calvino, Italian readers became aware of the latest literature from Latin America. This article also highlights the difficulties that Calvino encountered in attempting to publicise his own work in Spain, despite the fact that he was already a renowned author in other Spanish-speaking countries. This article investigates and explores possible reasons for this. Finally, certain pages are dedicated to a particular hypothesis regarding two great contemporary writers, Calvino and Guimarães Rosa

Calvino e la Spagna tra il Cinquanta e il Sessanta

Queste pagine intendono documentare il legame tra Italo Calvino e la cultura spagnola, e in parte latinoamericana, in un determinato periodo. L'articolo si centra sugli anni tra il Cinquanta e il Sessanta, dai primi contatti editoriali, passando per il primo viaggio di Calvino in terra spagnola, nella primavera del 1959 per partecipare per conto di Giulio Einaudi alle giornate di Formentor dove nasceranno il Prix Formentor e il Prix International, fino a un'epoca a noi più vicina. Barral, José Agustín Goytisolo e Castellet, rappresentanti della Escuela de Barcelona, furono tra gli spagnoli coloro che instaurarono con Calvino e Giulio Einaudi i più vivi rapporti editoriali e personali. Lo scambio continuo tra Barral e Calvino, permise di far conoscere al lettore italiano le novità letterarie provenienti dal mondo latinoamericano. L'articolo intende anche evidenziare la difficoltà che ebbe allora Calvino per diffondere la sua opera in Spagna, quando già era un autore conosciuto in altri paesi di lingua spagnola. Cercheremo di scoprire le ragioni di ciò facendo alcune considerazioni e commenti. Infine alcune pagine si dedicheranno a una ipotesi circa due grandi scrittori del nostro tempo, Calvino e Guimarães Rosa.The purpose of this article is to document the links between Italo Calvino and Spanish culture, as well as Latin American culture, during a particular post-war period. The main focus of the article is on the period from the 1950s to the 1960s, from his initial contact with publishing houses tohis first journey through Spanish territory. In the Spring of 1959, he went to Spain to participate on behalf of Giulio Einaudi in the Formentor International Colloquium; a meeting that saw the establishment of the Prix Formentor (the Formentor Literature Prize) and the Prix International (the International Prize). From the 1960s onwards, representatives of the Barcelona School, such as Barral, José Agustín Goytisolo and Castellet, would prove significant in establishing the most dynamic relations, both personal and editorial/professional, with Calvino and Giulio Einaudi. Thanks to the constant exchange between Barral and Calvino, Italian readers became aware of the latest literature from Latin America. This article also highlights the difficulties that Calvino encountered in attempting to publicise his own work in Spain, despite the fact that he was already a renowned author in other Spanish-speaking countries. This article investigates and explores possible reasons for this. Finally, certain pages are dedicated to a particular hypothesis regarding two great contemporary writers, Calvino and Guimarães Rosa

La difusión de los autores italianos de posguerra en las ediciones argentinas

Para relatar sobre cuándo y de qué manera se difundieron las primeras traducciones al castellano de los narradores italianos de la posguerra, a lo largo de estas páginas intentaremos un excursus que reconozca la meritoria labor que, desde Latinoamérica, aportaron algunas editoriales argentinas. Muchos de los escritores que resistieron al tiempo para seguir ocupando un relevante lugar en el Novecento italiano empezaron a publicar en el periodo de entre los dos grandes conflictos bélicos

El Castellet italiano: La Escuela de Barcelona, puente latinoamericano para Italia

Fue en Francia, en Lourmarin, en el año 1959, con motivo de un encuentro entre intelectuales europeos para debatir sobre la situación de sus respectivas culturas, donde Josep Maria Castellet, invitado por el poeta Pierre Emmanuel, conoce a los fundadores de la COMES (Comunità Europea degli Scrittori), Giovan Battista Angioletti y Giancarlo Vigorelli, que entonces se proponían crear una asociación de escritores e intelectuales europeos. Ambos se convertirían en referentes para el crítico de Barcelona. Vigorelli, director de L’Europa Letteraria, publicará en su prestigiosa revista ‒en la que siempre tendría cabida la temática española‒ poemas de Carlos Barral y de José Agustín Goytisolo

Pier Paolo Pasolini y José Agustín Goytisolo (Pasolini en Barcelona)

Pier Paolo Pasolini (1922-1975) y José Agustín Goytisolo (1928-1999) son dos poetas que lucharon en diferentes ámbitos –no solo en el literario– en pro del bienestar social. Entre sus denominadores comunes, un empeño civil constante: en Pasolini, a cara descubierta, por medio de polémicos artículos y haciendo caso omiso a las «advertencias» que el «sistema» italiano le hacía llegar de una manera u otra; en el caso del mayor de los hermanos Goytisolo y bajo la opresión del régimen, se trataba, en primera instancia, de una lucha silenciosa, aunque bien reflejada en sus poemas y escondida tras recursos narrativos como la ironía o la metonimia, que ya en los setenta destaparía a través de artículos periodísticos en los que se manifestaba públicamente en defensa de las clases más vulnerables, entre ellas, las mujeres y los homosexuales

Italo Calvino. I giorni di Barcellona

Il presente contributo vuole offrire una persuasiva sintesi del vincolo che Italo Calvino ebbe con Barcellona e con gli intellettuali, gli scrittori e gli uomini legati al mondo editoriale della città. Partendo dal 1959, quando realizzò il suo primo viaggio in Spagna per partecipare alle giornate di Formentor, evidenzieremo quanto fu decisiva la sua presenza e sotto quali aspetti. Ci serviremo di documenti inediti, tra i quali lettere degli archivi editoriali di Einaudi e di Seix Barral, utili a comporre il mosaico dei rapporti che costituirono le fondamenta del ponte letterario tra Spagna e Italia che si consolidò nei due decenni successivi. Dedicheremo la seconda parte del testo al ritorno di Calvino a Barcellona nel 1980 per partecipare alle “Jornadas” organizzate dalla casa editrice Bruguera, riassumendo il suo apporto. Infine, sveleremo che Juan Carlos Onetti sarebbe potuto diventare un protagonistadi uno dei testi di Palomar.

Italo Calvino en España

Este año se cumplen treinta años sin Italo Calvino. La muerte le sorprendió en su casa de la Toscana durante el verano de 1985. Tenía sesenta y dos años. Nacido en 1922 en Santiago de las Vegas (Cuba), donde sus padres trabajaban como agrónomos, Calvino fue un intelectual de gran espesor. Con sus libros, intervenciones y discursos, ya desde la inmediata posguerra y en una época de intenso debate ideológico, contribuyó de manera relevante al desarrollo de la sociedad a través de la literatura

Italia-España, un entramado de relaciones literarias : la "Escuela de Barcelona" /

La presente tesis de doctorado tiene como objeto de estudio demostrar la relación de la cultura literaria italiana de la posguerra con la española, y muy especialmente la influencia de Italia en el grupo catalán de la generación poética de los cincuenta, conocida como la Escuela de Barcelona. En la investigación se ha tratado principalmente del intercambio entre la Escuela de Barcelona (José Agustín Goytisolo, Jaime Gil de Biedma, Carlos Barral y Josep Maria Castellet) y el ámbito literario italiano representado por autores, poetas, hispanistas y asesores editoriales. El periodo de referencia del estudio cubre las décadas 1950 y 1960, época en que se consolidan los lazos entre los editores internacionales y los españoles. El trabajo tiene como fin presentar bajo una nueva perspectiva a la Escuela de Barcelona con el objetivo de determinar cómo la interacción con el ámbito literario italiano influye en la producción intelectual (literaria, crítica, memorialística, editorial) de José Agustín Goytisolo, Josep Maria Castellet, Carlos Barral y en menor medida, en Jaime Gil de Biedma. La tesis muestra el entramado de contactos con los principales hispanistas de la época. Carlo Bo, Vittorio Bodini, Dario Puccini, Mario Socrate, Oreste Macrí, (también importantes traductores), ya que fueron los indispensables interlocutores de los barceloneses y artífices del vínculo entre la cultura italiana de la posguerra y la España intelectual anti-franquista. Se ha llevado a cabo también un estudio de las publicaciones más significativas que ligan a ambos países, y de las polémicas que algunas de estas desataron contribuyendo a focalizar la atención en España. He considerado esencial prestar especial atención a la figura de Giulio Einaudi por su continua interacción dialéctica con los miembros de la Escuela de Barcelona. Para precisar el destacado papel de Einaudi en la cultura española me ha sido imprescindible consultar su correspondencia todavía inédita conservada en el "Archivio di Stato" de Turín, gracias a la amabilidad de Malcolm Einaudi y Pamela Giorgi. El material estudiado ilustra cómo se desarrollan las conexiones entre seixbarralianos y einaudianos desde sus primeros contactos. Los libros intercambiados y los "proyectos editoriales" permiten reconstruir el mosaico del futuro catálogo de la colección "Biblioteca Breve" de Seix Barral, y al mismo tiempo evidencian la apertura hacia nuevas literaturas por parte de las dos editoriales. Recojo en un apéndice la lista de traducciones realizadas en Italia de las obras escritas por los miembros de la Escuela de Barcelona desde entonces hasta hoy, con el fin de multiplicar las fuentes de las que disponemos de la forma más completa posible. Para de este modo, gracias al examen de la correspondencia "italiana" de nuestros autores con sus traductores y principales impulsores, entender mejor su proyección en Italia. El apéndice pretende ser también un instrumento de consulta para quienes quieran recorrer este complejo camino. En la parte final, me he centrado en especial en las traducciones del italiano realizadas por José Agustín Goytisolo, cuya imprescindible tarea de difusor y receptor de la literatura italiana contemporánea llega a constituir una de las más eficaces del siglo XX. La traducción se confirma así como un válido instrumento de estudio y de comparación en las líneas esenciales del proceso de acercamiento de los dos sistemas literarios.The key objective of the following doctoral thesis is to investigate the ties between post-war Italian literary culture and that of Spain. The thesis focuses, in particular, on the Italian influence in the 1950s on the Catalan group known as the 'School of Barcelona'. The research deals mainly with the dialogue between the School of Barcelona (José Agustín Goytisolo, Jaime Gil de Biedma, Carlos Barral and Josep Maria Castellet) and the Italian literary sphere, represented at the time by an ensemble of different individual authors, poets, Hispanicists and publishing editors. The reference period of the study covers the decades of the 1950s and the 1960s, because this was the time during which the links between the various representatives of Spanish publishing houses and their foreign counterparts were consolidated. The work proposes to present the School of Barcelona from a new perspective in order to illustrate the way in which the relationship with a foreign literary system could influence the intellectual output (literary, critical, memoirs, editorial) of José Agustín Goytisolo, Josep Maria Castellet, Carlos Barral and, to a lesser extent, of Jaime Gil de Biedma. The thesis seeks to explain the network of contacts between the principal Hispanicists of the time. Carlo Bo, Vittorio Bodini, Dario Puccini, Mario Socrate, Oreste Macrí (all first-class translators as well) would prove themselves indispensable interlocutors with respect to the Barcelona group and true instigators of the bond between post-war Italian culture and the anti-Francoist intellectuals in Spain. Furthermore, the thesis studies the most significant publications that linked the two countries together. It examines the controversies that sprang from some of these publications which contributed to focusing attention on Spain. It is deemed necessary to dedicate a certain amount of space in this work to the figure of Giulio Einaudi, renowned for his constant "dialectic" with members of the School of Barcelona. In order to award him his rightful place in Spanish culture, I sought and then benefited from direct access to the considerable nucleus of still unpublished letters in the care of the 'State Archives' of Turin, thanks to the cooperation of Malcolm Einaudi and Pamela Giorgi. The researched material illustrates how relations between the Seix Barral and Einaudi groups developed from their first tentative attempts at communication onwards. Mapping out the exchanged books and the editorial projects in this way permits the reconstruction of the mosaic of the future catalogue of 'Biblioteca Breve' of Seix Barral. It also underlines the opening up that occurred vis-à-vis "new" literature on the part of the two publishing houses. Furthermore, I assemble an appendix concerning the Italian translations of the work of the authors of the School of Barcelona up until the present day. This is to increase the available source material in the most complete manner possible. In this way, thanks to an examination of the "Italian" correspondence of these Spanish authors with their translators and main promoters, it was possible to achieve a more precise account of their Italian projection. At the same time, the appendix may serve as a useful consultative instrument for anyone interested in the further pursuit of this complex research route. In the concluding section, I dedicated myself, in particular, to the Italian translation undertaken by José Agustín Goytisolo, whose indispensable work in embracing and circulating contemporary Italian literature can be considered one of the most valuable efforts of the 20th century. Translation can be confirmed then as a valid instrument in studying and in comparing the key elements that characterise the process that drew the two literary systems in question together

A low power IoT sensor node architecture for waste management within smart cities context

This paper focuses on the realization of an Internet of Things (IoT) architecture to optimize waste management in the context of Smart Cities. In particular, a novel typology of sensor node based on the use of low cost and low power components is described. This node is provided with a single-chip microcontroller, a sensor able to measure the filling level of trash bins using ultrasounds and a data transmission module based on the LoRa LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology. Together with the node, a minimal network architecture was designed, based on a LoRa gateway, with the purpose of testing the IoT node performances. Especially, the paper analyzes in detail the node architecture, focusing on the energy saving technologies and policies, with the purpose of extending the batteries lifetime by reducing power consumption, through hardware and software optimization. Tests on sensor and radio module effectiveness are also presented